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Vol. VI, No. 4
(32 pages)

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Cover image
The cover image for this special issue features two couples, however not all of the individuals are identified. Sgt. Henry Stephens of the 45th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry stands on the right behind Ann M. Shenk.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor warns the readership about the arrival of fake tintypes created by Mr. Walter Ward of West Alexandria, Ohio. While he does not market his reproductions as originals, many unknowing purchasers may buy them from other sellers as originals. The size of a carte de visite, the editor outlines some identifying features of these fakes.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Letters to the Editor include further information regarding articles on the 79th New York Highlanders, photographs of Zouaves, and “French Mary” Tepe. One reader had a question about markings on a weapon, which the Editor asked the readers to provide assistance.

The Girl I Left Behind Me (p. 3)
This short introductory article provides some insight into this special issue that commemorates the wives and sweethearts of soldiers in the 19th century. Women of this era were often relegated to roles played behind the scenes of history, with notable women usually taking on unusual roles. The images in this issue of Military Images feature the often unidentified women of this era with the military men in their lives.

Northern Images (pp. 4-17)
Ending with an unusual cabinet photograph probably from the 1880s that features a line of chorus girls dressed in Hussar “uniforms,” the 46 other images submitted by a variety of collectors included in this pictorial show Union couples and families from a wide range of Northern society. Some appear to be well-to-do, with the women wearing fashionable dresses, while others wear the home-spun of the less affluent. A few of the images are of fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, and family images with babies or children. Most of the individuals are not identified, leaving the viewers to wonder about the stories behind the faces.

Southern Images (pp. 19-24)
The seven Confederate images from the collection of Larry Willford are much like those of their Federal counterparts. Most are unidentified, and show a range of economic backgrounds. The first images if of a soldier with ladies who might be his sisters, while the last is of a soldier who is seen with a man who might be his civilian brother and their sister. As with the images in between, the stories are lost but the images remain to give us the real faces of the Civil War.

Post-Civil War Images (pp. 25-31)
This collection of ten images which range from the early 1870s up to the romantic photographs of a Spanish-American War soldier kissing his sweetheart provide more group images. Picnics in Arizona Territory and boating in Montana Territory show some of the relaxation that soldiers and their ladies could pursue in the latter part of the 19th century. There are a few couples images, and some that include children, like Lt. James S. Rogers and son reading a picture book together. Ending with a group photograph of the G.A.R. Ladies Drill Corps of Toledo, Ohio, this pictorial gives the sense of a more relaxed and less formal time.

Back Image
A ninth-plate ambrotype image of an unidentified soldier and his lady is presented.

The complete issue

Vol. VI, No. 3
(32 pages)

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Cover image
The Fourth of July parade in Steubenville, Ohio included veterans of the G.A.R. The cabinet card photograph on the cover of this issue was taken about 1885.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor provides additional comment on the new “Photos Sought” feature. While it appears to be very popular with readers, there were some issues that required clarification and therefore a necessity to move the due date for entries back to January 1, 1985.

Mail Call (p. 2)
A wide variety of letters are given responses by the editor: a reader asks for a distinction between battle and parade dress uniforms, the descendent of a “Vignette” subject provides additional information on his great-grand-uncle, a historian makes some particular corrections to an article, and a reader gives further information about some unique footwear. The winner of the “Name That General” contest is announced as being Brian Pohanka, with a score of 134 out of 144. Some readers had great fun with the contest, although the feeling was not entirely universal.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States, 1917 in Parts 1 and 2 by Jacques Noel Jacobsen are reviewed. Continuing in a series of reprinted regulations, these two parts are considered to be important resources for the “serious student of the Great War period.” Part 1 describes the uniform regulations for officers, which were still produced by tailors, requiring more detail than the items included in Part 2, which covers the regulations for enlisted personnel, which were produced under government contract. A projected Part 3 will cover the huge numbers of changes to the regulations associated with this period.

Fifteen Minutes to Live: Co. E, 33rd Illinois Infantry at Vicksburg by Richard Tibbals and Randy Beck (pp. 4-7)
May 22, 1863 was the date of General U.S. Grant’s grand assault on the Confederate fortifications surrounding Vicksburg, and the men of the 33rd Illinois were waiting for the time for their assault – 10:00 a.m. – to arrive. With uniform jackets off due to the sultry Mississippi air, the men under the direction of Captain Isaac H. Elliott moved forward, and all but one of the men serving in Company E would ended up dead or wounded. The article gives the individual stories of many of the Illinoisans who fought in this Union debacle, and has images of seven of them, including two brothers who lost their lives as a result of the fighting that day.

Johnny, I Hardly Knew Ye!: A Seires of Vignettes on the Grim Visage of War by Ronn Palm, John R. Sickles, William Gladstone, Keith Bohannon, Tom Gordon, Jr,. Howard W. Strawbridge, Wendell W. Lang (pp. 8-15)
The authors each bring the readers the image and story of a soldier who was either severely wounded or lost his life during the Civil War, some also including their words home. They include Sgt. Richard A. Charles (Co. C., 16th Pa. Cavalry), Lt. William W. Geety (Co. H, 47th Pa. Inf.), Sgt. Thomas Plunkett (Co. E, 21st Mass.), Pvt. Reuben H. Nations (Co. I, 12th La. Inf.), Lt. Jacob T. Zug (Co. H, 7th Pa. Reserves), Sgt. Preston M. Guild (Co. K, 57th Pa. Inf.), Sgt. Albert W. Corson (Co. D, 9th N.H.), and two unidentified veterans who had their images taken on a carte de visite at “Cady’s, Cobleskill, N.Y.”

The Great Pivot: Vermonters vs. Virginians at Gettysburg by Blake A. Magner (pp. 16-22)
Thirteen photographic images of the men of Vermont illustrate the story of the men who turned back Pickett’s Charge on the last day of fighting at Gettysburg. The 2nd Vermont brigade, composed of the 12th through 16th regiments under the command of General George J. Stannard had not yet seen any fighting, spending most of their nine-month enlistment in the fortifications surrounding Washington. They were sent into Virginia as the rear guard of Major Gen. John Reynolds’ First Corps and made their way across Northern Virginia, through Maryland, and into Pennsylvania. The article describes the hectic quick move that the brigade had to make on July 1, being ordered not even to break ranks for water. The movements of the different regiments on July 2 are covered as well, with written accounts by Col. Wheelock Veazey, 16th Vermont, describing what that night and next morning were like. Many of his men slept through the artillery barrage that signaled the start of the actions on July 3, indeed he himself admitted that the previous days and 24 hours without any sleep made him consider sleeping too. It was while talking with Gen. Stannard that General Winfield S. Hancock was wounded in the groin. The Vermonters ended up attacking late support for Pickett’s brigades who came up behind them, Wilcox’s Alabamians and Perry’s Floridians, pivoting to hit the Confederates with fire and then capturing them with a full run. It was for this movement that Col. Veazey was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1891.

Those Funny Looking Shoes: Unusual Footwear in the Civil War by Chris Nelson (p. 23)
Two images of Federal officers wearing “sporting” shoes made of light colored canvas with leather answers the question raised in the “Stragglers” section of the previous issue of Military Images: What are they wearing? It was a non-regulation shoe that was popular among hunters, yachtsmen, and (as was noted in one of the letters to the editor on page 2) croquet players. The author provides a short history of this shoe and its military application later in history, such as the combat boot worn by soldiers in Vietnam.

The Fort McHenry Salute by John H. McGarry III (pp. 24-25)
The end of the Civil War saw the five Rodman guns that were to be installed to protect the port at Baltimore still not in place, although they would be by the end of 1865. They remained there as a part of coastal defense and in 1903, Baltimore photographer Henry F. Rinn requested permission to photograph the huge 15” guns as they performed the salute for that year’s Fourth of July celebrations. The three images presented with the article show the guns in action, the largest muzzle-loaded artillery guns of the 19^th century.

Sgt. Edward Ward: Pioneer Army Aviator by Charles Worman (pp. 26-27)
One might think that this article would be about airplanes, but they only play a small part in this story. Sgt. Ward was at one point in aviation history the entire enlisted component of the U.S. army Aeronautical Division within the U.S. Signal Corps. While admitting later in life that he was not particularly fond of flight, he was an integral part of the balloon ground crew, with which he is shown in an image taken in 1907. Ward’s career took him in and out of various aspects of balloon service until his retirement in 1930.

Stragglers (pp. 28-31)
The first of three images for this issue’s “Stragglers” feature is of the 21st U.S. Infantry Regimental band at the Golden Spike ceremony marking the meeting of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads and the completion of the transcontinental railroad. A second image of C Troop, 6th Cavalry taken at Camp Grant, Arizona in the early 1880s shows a “veritable compendium of campaign dress in a period of transition.” Lastly, a photo postcard is shared of the Maine on washday, showing laundry out to dry on the ship’s rigging.

Back Image
The final image for this issue is of an unknown Yankee cavalryman. The sixth-plate tintype shows he is more than adequately armed for the work.

The complete issue

Vol. VI, No. 2
(32 pages)

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Cover image
The cover of this issue features a quarter-plate ambrotype of an unknown Confederate cavalryman.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor takes issue with the practice of “secondhand” readers, those who enjoy Military Images by reading the issues of subscribing friends. He hopes that these readers will extend their support for MI by subscribing on their own and help the magazine to continue to thrive. Additionally, once a year the magazine will now sponsor a listing of “Photos Sought” as a new feature. Subscribers who are looking for a particular image can have their request included.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Several clarifications to information presented in past issues are included in the letters to the editor, who also explains why the magazine is not planning to become a monthly publication. Requests and offers to share images between publications and readers also are included, as are suggestions for future articles.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
Two reviews are presented in this issue of Military Images. The first is United States Military Buttons of the Land Services, 1787-1902 by Martin A. Wyckoff, which presents a system of classifying military buttons. The author is an anthropologist, and the system is geared toward the archaeologist, however the reviewer found this to be an important resource for those interested in the collection of military buttons, who could also use this classification system. The second publication is Marine Badges and Insignia of the World by Burt L. Campbell and Ron Reynolds, which has sections of the book that feature historical insignia from the U.S.M.C from 1840-1940 and a brief section featuring Confederate marine markings.

Vignette: William Catheart, Telegrapher, C.S.A. by Robert L. Hart (p. 4-5)
Having deserted the Hillsborough Military Academy in North Carolina following a request by himself and other cadets to join in the defense of Charleston in 1863, 19 year old telegrapher William Catheart was present at Fort Sumter when it took its harshest attack yet in December 1863. Regulations stated that the telegraph lines were to maintain a constant ticking while under bombardment, with which Catheart endeavored to comply despite having to move around in the burning fort several times. At one point, the telegraph key itself was damaged, and Catheart went to the extreme of putting the ends of the two wires on his moist tongue, reading messages by feeling them. The underwater lines were eventually cut, and Catheart and his supervisor, Joseph W. Kates, spent three frigid nights on a “floating mattress” to find the break. Although not holding military rank, Mr. Catheart was eventually promoted to the position of Superintendent of Military Lines, Charleston at the age of 20 in February 1864.

Tenting on the Old Campground… or Did They?: A Look at Civil War Tents by Harry Roach (pp. 6-9)
The article begins with the recognition that the tent is a constant image in the Civil War collective memory. However, as the article progresses, one soon discovers that the tent was sometimes more of a problem than one might imagine. The Sibley tent (a large conical tent with a central pole which could also hold a Sibley stove in winter) did not last long in the field, as it was cumbersome and needed to be carried by wagons. It, along with the “A” or wedge tent, became more visible in images taken of the rear as the war continued due to the number of wagons and teams needed to transport them. The d’Abri tent required two men to team up and button their tent halves together; there were no poles involved so the soldiers often used their bayonetted muskets as tent poles. Also known as the “dog” or “pup” tent – because that’s all that could fit comfortably inside of one – they were unpopular with the soldiers. Many Confederate units banned tents while in the field altogether, which meant men would bivouac without shelter, as depicted in one drawing that accompanies the article, along with six photographic images.

Brothers at Ball’s Bluff: Luther and Joseph Hapgood, 15th Massachusetts Infantry by Mark Brewer (pp. 10-14)
Two brothers from a farming community in Massachusetts enlisted in the Federal army following the attack of anti-Federal crowds upon Massachusetts soldiers in Baltimore as they made their way by train to Washington. They were like most recruits, and trained earnestly with the hope of defending their country in battle. After the Union losses at First Manassas, their training was hurried and in October, both Luther and Joseph Hapgood’s commander, Colonel Charles Devens, under orders of Colonel Edward Baker who led the brigade, led his 15th Massachusetts forward across the Potomac River to perform a reconnaissance in force a short distance from Leesburg, Virginia. More than half of the 1700 men who made the crossing were casualties, as the Confederates who had been watching the crossing began firing from the cover of nearby woods. Colonel Baker was killed trying to rally his panicked soldiers, Joseph was wounded early and made his way back to the Union side of the river for treatment, while Luther scrambled back up the southern bank to find his missing brother, only to be captured. Luther spent several months in Libby Prison in Richmond; his father was so aggrieved that he lied about his age and enlisted in the 15th Massachusetts and went south to find his son. All three survived, not without some injury, but as time went on, it was the story of the Battle of Ball’s Bluff that was most often retold to their families.

Tipton Panorama Photos of Gettysburg by Kathleen R. Georg (pp. 15-26)
Ten glass plate images taken by Gettysburg photographer William H. Tipton were taken in early l882 to assist French painter Paul Phillippoteaux in his painting of the Gettysburg cyclorama. Guided by resident William Holtzworth, the images in the ten photographs taken that day are presented in this pictorial article, paired with the resulting painted images from the cyclorama. The Tipton photographs can be dated by the wooden poles that line what was to become Hancock Avenue, a means of accommodating visitors to the battlefield while keeping the privately owned farms from being damaged by wayward carriages of visitors. The photographs are labeled with battlefield landmarks, allowing the contemporary reader to orient him/herself to the view being taken.

Vignette: Peter Kiolbassa, Galvanized Yankee by Wayne Rogoski (p. 27)
A young immigrant from Silesia, Peter Kiolbassa settled with his family in Panna Marta, Texas, not far from San Antonio. He quickly added English and Spanish to his native German and Polish, becoming a teacher at a church school prior to the start of the Civil War. He joined initially with a local cavalry brigade which was eventually added to the 14th Texas Cavalry. He was taken as a prisoner of war when General John A. McClernand’s forces stormed and took Arkansas Post in January 1863. Kiolbassa, along with several others, took the oath of allegiance to the Union, becoming “Galvanized Yankees: as a result. He was allowed to enlist in Company D, 16th Illinois Cavalry and served in both the Knoxville and Atlanta campaigns. Over time, Kiolbassa was promoted to captain of Company E, 16th U.S. Colored Cavalry, seeing action in Kentucky and Arkansas. During leave in February 1864, Kiolbassa became involved in the development of the first Polish Roman Catholic Church in Chicago, St. Stanislaus Kosta, which still stands today. Kiolabassa made Chicago his adopted home, living out the rest of his life in civic and political service to his community.

Stragglers (pp. 28-30)
A tintype of a Federal trooper holding aim on a Confederate prisoner with what appears to be a Navy Colt, an albumen image of a Confederate from Georgia tinted in butternut not gray, and a 50 year “before and after” pair of images of Elijah Tillotson of Osceola, Iowa are the more serious images shared by the readers of Military Images. The more humorous includes a Civil War era carte de visite of a soldier contemplating the appearance of an infant in a cradle and wondering “Who’s been here since Ise been gone?” along with a latrine image from around 1898.

Back Image
Five soldiers, likely from the Spanish-American War or World War One, are being taught to use cameras by a civilian.

The complete issue

Vol. VI, No. 1
(32 pages)

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Cover imageThis fifth anniversary issue features many of the covers of past issues. A total of 15 covers are presented on the cover and the back of this issue of Military Images.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor congratulates the readership for the magazine’s success in a competitive market, as it is the readers who contribute to the magazine and provide the source of its success. A sampling of future articles is discussed, and the editor requests images of military men and their wives and sweethearts for another much requested pictorial of these images.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Along with applause for the magazine in general and a few articles in particular, the editor is asked to provide the address for a publication reviewed in a previous issue. Two organizations (The Friends of Fort Davis National Historic Site and the “Save the Flags” program for conservation of flags from Pennsylvania military units) request donations from the readership.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
There are three publications reviewed in this issue of MI. The first is War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975 by Jack S. Levy. The work is one of political science, and attempts to use balance of power theory to more adequately determine the causation of war. Although there are some aspects of the book that the reviewer found interesting, it is not a work that would be of great interest to most readers of MI. Next is The Guns of Port Hudson, Vol. I: the River Campaign, February-May 1863 by David C. Edmonds, which outlines “the naval and military maneuvers leading up to the siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana.” The third review is of Fort McHenry: Home of the Brave by Norman G. Rukert. The author provides a thorough and engaging 200 year history of Fort McHenry, including its use as a prison in the Civil War and as a hospital during World War One. The work includes photographs, drawings, and archeological finds.

Blue Bonnets Over the Border: The 79th New York Highlanders in the Civil War by Joseph G. Bilby (pp. 5-15)
The article traces the history of the 79th New York Militia, composed of mostly Scotsmen, in their three year enlistment in the U.S. army. Beginning as a unit known as the “Cameron Highlanders” that wore kilts as part of their parade dress and tartan trousers (known as “trews”) as a fatigue item, the 79th took on Federal service in May 1861. The detailed article, which describes some of the heroic as well as some of the humorous actions of the Highlanders, follows them from their fighting under Colonel James Cameron (the younger brother of the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron) who fell at Bull Run in 1861 and their mutiny afterwards, to their service in South Carolina under Colonel Addison Farnsworth, who fell injured during the Second Battle of Bull Run. The men of the 79th were engaged in the fighting at Chantilly that saw the loss of their own General Stevens and that of General Phil Kearney. They fought with Ambrose Burnside at Antietam, and were returned to him after service at Vicksburg to follow him through Tennessee and fight at Knoxville. The Highlanders’ last fighting was in the Wilderness, being called to perform guard duty during the height of fighting at the “Bloody Angle.” After this, the majority of the regiment returned to New York, as their three year commitments were up, and the remaining new recruits were given furlough. New recruits were sought, and the new 79th Highlanders returned to Virginia, to participate in action at Petersburg, which they occupied after Lee’s retreat. A number of images accompany the article, including a side-bar vignette which tells the story of Pvt. James Berry, Company D, 79th New York Infantry.

Major Babbitt and the Alamo “Hump” by Kevin R. Young (pp. 16-17)
Most people recognize the structure of the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas by its distinctive parapet, or hump. But most people do not know is that the Alamo chapel was given that feature in 1848 when Quarter Master General Thomas Jessup rejected Major Edwin Burr Babbit’s suggestion to raze the structure and build new structures to house U.S. Army quarters in its stead. The chapel’s nave was never finished and remained without a roof from its construction in 1795. It was during a title dispute over the ownership between the Army and the Catholic Church of the old chapel that Babbitt completed the roof, which required the addition of the hump and two more windows on the second floor. Ironic then, that the men who sought refuge in the chapel during Santa Ana’s attack in 1836, would likely not recognize the structure if they saw it today with the feature that makes it so identifiable to visitors to San Antonio in our time.

Vignette: Robert C. Curry, Company K, 4th New York Infantry edited by James Paradis (pp. 18-19)
Three letters and an image of Robert C. Curry provide a unique and authentic glimpse into the life of an ordinary infantry soldier, complete with the original misspellings. One discovers that the living comrades of the deceased often pitched in financially to send the bodies back to their families, causing Curry to send home less money than he had wanted to send. In the last letter he sent a variety of rose home to Elizabeth, who he “loves … as a brother” and asks for his mother to send “refreshments” as they are “always very acceptable to me.” Robert Curry was killed in action at South Mountain, and is buried at Antietam National Cemetery.

“They were well thought of…”: The Veteran Reserve Corps, 1863-1866 by Philip Katcher (pp. 20-24)
As Confederate Lt. General Jubal Early swept down through the Shenandoah Valley and threatened the city of Washington itself, his men noted that the defenders of the city were dressed in unusual uniform, and that they appeared to be “city or town forces” preparing their defenses. Major General Robert Rodes threw out skirmishers directed to take one fortification, but were quickly and unexpectedly pushed back. What the Confederates did not know was that these were the men of the Veteran Reserve Corps. They were veterans that fought and were injured in past campaigns and although not able to perform hard marches or long exposure to the elements, they still had plenty of fight left in them, and served well in the defense of Washington. The article provides descriptions of the VRC uniforms for both enlisted men and their officers, and presents nine images, including a shot of VRC men acting as the honor guard at the reviewing stand during the Grand Review of the Army in May 1865.

Vignette: Robert Morton, 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery by Alan J. Sessarego (p. 25)
Two carte de visite images of Robert Morton introduce the reader to a black boy too young to serve with a rifle, and whose role in the Civil War was as a servant to Captain Robert Potter of the 2nd Connecticut. Servants and cooks from both sides of the Civil War were often these unknown black youngsters frequently seen only on the fringes of images of the time, and whose stories remain untold.

Name That General! by Chris Nelson (p. 27)
The person who can name all 144 Union generals correctly and submit their list first can win a one year extension to his/her subscription to Military Images. A set of five clues is given to start the search; answers will be presented in the next issue. The original is from a carte de visite and Military Images reproduced it at twice its actual size.

Stragglers (pp. 29-31)
The collection of straggler images begins with a full page showing a sixth-plate daguerreotype of a Confederate Zouave taken by George Cook in Charleston, South Carolina that is not from the “Charleston Zouaves.” Readers are asked to provide any identification they may have. Other images include some humorous shots such as a headless Union officer holding his head(s) in each hand, a 1890s image of a cadet from Girard College in Philadelphia, and two soldiers with unique (and unconventional) additions to their uniforms.

The complete issue

Vol. V, No. 6
(32 pages)

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Inside

Cover image
The elaborate image of a tirailleur of the 146th New York Infantry, also known as “Girard’s Tigers,” features a Zouave style uniform known as a Turco. The unidentified soldier wears a light blue uniform with yellow trim.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor asks the readership to participate in the goal of preserving 9000 acres around the Custer Battlefield National Monument. Only 760 of the newly released federal land will be preserved unless it is purchased and then donated to the National Park Service. The editor also notes that the article “The Famous Petersburg Photo” (January-February 1984) should have included Harris Andrews as co-author with Brian Pohanka.

Mail Call (p. 2)
The letters to the editor provide some further insight into the New Hampshire cap (which was featured in a past issue as well as the current issue of Military Images), the correct uniform of a Scot’s Guard officer, and a correction regarding the use of the word “Congressional” when referencing the Medal of Honor.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
There are four different publications reviewed for readers in this issue. First is The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History by Gregory J.W. Urwin, a short history of the cavalry from the Revolutionary War to the single cavalry unit to see action in World War Two, including 32 color-plates and 100 black-and-white photographs. Next is The Civil War in Maryland by Daniel Carroll Toomey, who presents a detailed chronological accounting of over 280 different large and small conflicts between Federal and Confederate forces in this border state. A Battlefield Atlas of the Civil War by Craig L. Symonds, with cartography by William J. Clipson, provides readers with a way to view the flow of Civil War battles by using simple and uncluttered maps in an organized chronological format. Those who hope to use this book at a site may have trouble, as modern roads are not marked. Lastly, the recorded album Civil War Guitar: Campfire Memories by Kirk Browne is reviewed. Using an 1850 Martin guitar and with occasional accompaniment with fiddle, harmonica, and banjo, listeners get to hear a selection of songs popular with soldiers in the North and the South. Lyrics are included in liner notes, but no vocals are featured in the recording.

Vignette: 3rd Georgia Infantry, C.S.A. by Keith Bohannon (p. 5)
A reproduction of a well-known ambrotype that is often misidentified as three soldiers in Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee is presented, this time with correct identification. From left to right, the author provides short biographical information about the three members of Company D, the “Madison Home Guards” from the 3rd Georgia Infantry that was part of the Army of Northern Virginia: Columbus C. Taylor who is wearing a neck scarf, James D. Jackson with a slouch hat with “3 G V” in brass letters, and James H. Porter wearing a light kepi. Both Taylor and Jackson died at Malvern Hill, while Porter’s military record ends with a muster roll notation that he was detailed to railroad service.

Ernest Hemingway in the First World War by Susan Beegel (pp. 6-8)
He was young and he was enthusiastic, and he had eyesight that would not have passed an Army physical. The article takes the reader from his first job at the Kansas City Star to his first work with the American Red Cross in Italy, and shows where his experiences with being wounded and falling in love with the nurse tending him at the A.R.C. hospital in Milan (Agnes von Kurowsky) intersects with his later writing, most specifically A Farewell to Arms. Hemingway was seriously wounded when an Austrian mortar hit the group of Italian soldiers he was conversing with. With over 200 pieces of shrapnel in his legs, Hemingway was trying to get one of the wounded to safety when he was then hit with machine gun bullets in his knee before he and the wounded man he carried were able to get to a command post. Hemingway was decorated with Italy’s Croce di Guerra and Medaglia di Valore for this act. After attempting to return to the front, Agnes was able to convince him to return stateside, which he did, finding that his story as the first American wounded in Italy had been followed back home. His legs still painful, unable to relate to people at home, unemployed, and depressed after Agnes broke their engagement, Hemingway had the material needed to begin writing some of his most memorable fiction, and led to his need to eventually return to war in Europe.

“Go East, Young Man…”: A history of the California Hundred and Battalion in the Civil War by Richard K. Tibbals (pp. 9-12)
A need for soldiers was still evident in late 1862, when Massachusetts came to an agreement with a group of men in California led by J. Sewall Reed who desired to fight for the Union in the Civil War. Because the War Department did not want to transfer men from the West to the East to fight, these 100 men agreed that their bounties from Massachusetts would be used for their transportation over Panama in December 1862; the troopers making up this unique cavalry unit known as the “California Hundred” (Company A of the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry) would supply their own uniforms and equipment. The “California Battalion” was comprised of an additional 400 men from California who also wanted to join the fighting, and made a similar request which allowed them to follow in March 1863; they were designated as Companies E, F, L, and M. Initially, the California Hundred (soon followed by the rest of the 2nd Massachusetts) were sent to engage with the Rebels in “Mosby’s Confederacy” and in August were able to seriously wound Major John Mosby at Gooding’s Tavern. At a planned skirmish in February 1864, Mosby and his forces were able to ambush and kill five of the Californians, including Captain J.S. Reed, the organizer of the Hundred. Other actions of the California Hundred and Battalion included protecting Washington, D.C. from the assaults of Jubal Early, action in the Valley under the command of Phil Sheridan, the battle held at Saylor’s Creek, and the surrender at Appomattox Court House. Several images of command officers and unknown troopers accompany the article, along with a photograph of their encampment during the winter of 1863-4 in Vienna, Virginia.

Whipple’s Patent Military Cap by James Stametelos (pp. 13-15)
The Fall 1983 catalog for the Stametelos establishment “Sutler’s Wagon” included an example of what was called “that Crazy Cap” in the Volume V, No. 4 issue of Military Images. This article in this issue of MI provides patent drawings, several current photographs of the cap being worn, and a contemporary view of a “Yankee stalwart” wearing the cap. A drawing from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly from 1862, which shows how the common error of thinking the soldiers of the 4th New Hampshire Infantry wore pith helmets began, is also included in this detailed history of an unique piece of military gear.

More Zouaves and Chasseurs by Carol Villa (pp. 16-21)
The third pictorial of the uniforms inspired by French colonial troops in North Africa is presented, with 27 different images. Two vivandieres from Zouave units are included as well.

From Bull Run to San Juan Hill: Unit History of the 71st New York National Guard by Ronald Beifuss (pp. 22-28)
With the vast majority of the images from the Spanish-American War in 1898, the 25 images in this article illustrate the history described in the article, which begins with the origins of the militia regiment in the era of the “Know Nothings” and reaction to a great influx of immigration into the New York City of 1849. Reenlistments after the three-month initial enlistments expired shortly after Bull Run in 1861 led to the renaming of the organization as a National Guard unit, which was called into action on a number of occasions. After the Civil War, the regiment was used to quell riots, but did not see significant action again until the Spanish-American War when they were part of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. On July 1, 1898, the 71st prepared to engage the Spanish at San Juan Hill, which the article describes in some detail; many of the images were taken by Lt. Herbert True of Company L, commander of the pioneer company for the brigade.

U.S. Navy Machinist’s Mark, 1881 by John A. Stacey (p. 29)
With the gradual replacement of a sail navy by steam powered vessels, the insignia of this new navy needed to be updated. In 1881, the use of a screw propeller with an anchor began as the insignia of a U.S. Navy Machinist. In 1886, an eagle and chevrons were added to designate the wearer as a petty officer. An image taken between 1881-86 by one of the crew of the U.S.S. Ranger (identified on the hatband of one sailor) reveals the use of the insignia on the lower part of a coat sleeve. The insignia image was magnified for clarity.

Index to Articles, July 1979-May 1984: The First Five Years of MI (pp. 30-31)
Article titles and authors are indicated for each issue.

Back Image
Miss Katherine Andrews wears her Y.M.C.A. uniform along with an insignia of the 23rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Division from World War One.

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Cover image
A pause in the action in France on September 6, 1918 allowed a photograph of Lt. Col. William J. “Wild Bill” Donovan to be taken. After a distinguished military career before and during World War I, he was later the director of the O.S.S. during World War II, which later became the C.I.A.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor notes that the article on the Irish “Fighting 69th” of New York in World War I is one of several units from New York profiled in the pages of Military Images. He asks the readers to contribute more articles from the South as well as from the trans-Mississippi in order to produce more balance in the issues.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Letters to the editor include praise for the unique content as well as some corrections. A few of the articles remark on questions raised by “Stragglers” from previous issues.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
A total of four publications are included in this issue of Military Images. First is The Iron Brigade by Alan T. Nolan, which is a third edition of the 1961 classic publication, including additional images. Second is Even More Confederate Faces by William A. Turner, which continues the work of William Albaugh (Confederate Faces and More Confederate Faces). With improved reproduction photographs of the images, it includes a wide variety of images from the Confederacy, many of them previously unpublished, which allow readers an excellent overview of uniforms, equipment, and period photography. The third publication is Crimea 1854-56: The War with Russia from Contemporary Photographs by Lawrence James. This book documents one of the first wars to be photographed, and provides 85 images, one to a page, each with comments by the author, contemporary commentary, and some with information provided by the photographer. Finally, there is Military Equipage 1851-1872, volume II: State Forces by Frederick P. Todd, the final part of a series begun before the author’s death. With added material by Michael McAfee, the volume provides information on each state and territory, including some of the more obscure units.

Army Uniforms of the Civil War, Part VII: U.S. Sharpshooters by Michael J. McAfee (pp. 5-9)
Eleven different images accompany the article on the two regiments of the U.S.S.S., the United States Sharp Shooters. Known for their green frock coats instead of the usual blue, the Federal sharpshooters had to prove their abilities by getting ten shots into a 10” circle from a distance of 200 feet. They were then accepted into Colonel Hiram Berdan’s two regiments, with the 1st being initially issued green trousers and the 2nd being issued sky blue. The weapons used by these units are also described and shown in the article, beginning with Colt revolving rifles in 1862 until they could be provided with Sharps rifles a few months later. Oftentimes, the units including officers would wear blue sack coats in action, but retained the green uniforms for dress use. The images illustrating the article show the variations in trim, including one that shows a soldier in uniform with gutta percha buttons, which were issued late in the Civil War.

“California Joe” Head by Stuart G. Vogt (pp. 10-13)
A member of Company C, 1st U.S. Sharpshooters, Truman Head enlisted in Berman’s sharpshooters in September 1861. He was 52 years old, originally from New York State, and after spending some years in Philadelphia, Head ended up in California during the Gold Rush. He became a wealthy man by hunting grizzly bears, and became an acquaintance of Edward D. Baker of the 71st Pennsylvania Infantry, known throughout the war as the “California Regiment.” During instruction in Washington, D.C., Joe purchased his own Sharps rifle, which was the rifle the men wanted to be issued. Col. Berman sent an appeal directly to Secretary of War Simon Cameron, sending the appeal with a man with a Sharps; Joe was the only on in either regiment to have one, so it was likely him who went. The U.S.S.S. regiments got their weapon of choice, likely due to Joe’s maturity and his skill with the rifle. Becoming known as “California Joe” about this time, he became known early on for his skills in the field, many of these memorable incidents recounted in the article. Mustered out in 1862 due to his failing health and eyesight, he was given his discharge papers personally by Abraham Lincoln. Returning to San Francisco, “California Joe” passed away in November 1875.

The Anderson Troop by Ronn Palm (pp. 14-15)
An independent unit originally formed as the headquarters guard for General Robert Anderson, commanding the Army of the Ohio, the Anderson Troop remained an independent unit until it was broken up in March 1863. Many of its original officers were reassigned to the 15th Pennsylvania (“Anderson”) Cavalry, and it eventually was known also as “Rosy’s Ponies” while under the command of General William S. Rosecrans. Five images of Anderson Troops soldiers accompany the article.

Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, 1880-1906 by Thomas R. Buecker (pp. 16-20)
Eight different images accompany this article on the history of Fort Niobrara, located in north-central Nebraska, including one of 2nd Lt. Roger Fitch and 1st Lt. J.D.L. Hartman with Mrs. Hartman, the only two officers on Fort Niobrara in 1899 when Company K of the 1st Cavalry was assigned there for 22 months. It was during this time that the images accompanying the article, likely with a box camera, providing an unique glimpse into life on these small Army posts following the Spanish-American War.

“The Fighting 69^th”: Irish-American Troops in World War I by Jack McCormack (pp. 22-28)
The first image in this article illustrates the anecdote with which the article begins: the 69^th New York National Guard had such a long and illustrious history that its color-staff was much longer than regulation as it had to accommodate the battle streamers that outlined the regiment’s history. Long before they became the 165th U.S. Infantry Regiment of the 42nd (“Rainbow”) Division, they held a storied past in the Civil War, which was a contributing factor in a brawl over an upturned ice cream truck with the 167th. The 167th had origins in the 4th Alabama (Confederate) Infantry, both having fought at Fredericksburg. The article provides insight into some of the individuals who made up the 69th in France, including Major James McKenna of the “Shamrock” Battalion and noted American poet Sgt. Joyce Kilmer, both of whom were killed at Ourcq River, Father Frances P. Duffy, the chaplain of the 69th, and William “Wild Bill” Donovan, featured on the cover of the issue.

Stragglers (pp. 30-31)
Readers are asked to “Find the Foreigners” in this edition of “Stragglers” from a collection of eight different images. The images are identified at the bottom of page 31.

Back Cover
Mounted cavalryman Corp. Ralph McCormick, Troop A, 11th U.S. Volunteer Cavalry is featured in this circa 1903 image taken in the Philippines.

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Vol. V, No. 4
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Cover image
Turn-of-the-century U.S. infantry are in this group photograph, likely taken in the Philippines.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor writes about the last of Joseph Bilby’s last in his series of articles on the 15th New Jersey Infantry. He also outlines further contributions by Mr. Bilby, as well as anticipated articles ranging from a survey of sharpshooter uniforms to further unit histories to a pictorial of Civil War battleflags.

Mail Call (p. 2)
There are requests for information from a few readers as well as from Military Images. Two points of clarification are provided by readers. One is that the “table knives” in the belts of two soldiers identified in a previous issue are actually ornate silver-hilted Bowie knives. A badge is also identified as coming from cavalry saddles, initially used with the 1847 Grimsley dragoon saddle. In addition, the episode described between Dr. Gibbs and Stephen Crane was the inspiration for Crane’s story “The Upturned Face.”

Seeing the Elephant: 15th New Jersey at Salem Church by Joseph G. Bilby (pp. 3-4, 6-15)
The article begins by recounting the events that are now collectively known as the Battle of Chancellorsville in early May 1863. Taking place in and around the difficult “Wilderness” that predominated the area, the focus of the article is on the men of the 15th New Jersey, who held a position covering the Union left flank as it advanced on the Confederate-held Marye’s Heights. Known as Second Fredericksburg, the Confederates were thrown back and retreated towards their main army in action at Chancellorsville, with Federal units, including the 15th New Jersey, following behind. McLaws’ Division was sent by Lee to support Wilcox’s forces. They met up at Salem Church, and there on May 3, 1863, the fighting commenced. The author provides many individual stories, such as that of Private Abraham Baird of Company E, whose image is included in the article, as well as two sidebars discussing “Regimental Strengths in the Civil War” and a letter written by Col. William Penrose of the 15th regarding the failure of the Enfield muskets distributed to his troops. The article concludes with an “Epilogue” which tells the further stories of some of the individual soldiers included in the article.

The Famous “Petersburg” Photo by Brian Pohanka (p. 5)
Inset in the article by Joseph Bilby, the image which has been usually identified as being taken of troops during the Siege of Petersburg was actually taken just prior to the action at Salem Church, the topic of the article in which it has been inserted. The detailed history of this and two others taken by A.J. Russell at the time will be the topic of a future issue of MI.

That Crazy Cap by Monte Akers (pp. 16-19)
Probably one of the most unique examples of Civil War headgear, seven examples of New Hampshire’s 1st through 5th Volunteer Infantry are presented in this pictorial. These units are often misidentified as Confederates, as the state of New Hampshire also issued their infantry units with grey coats. But it is the dark wool hat with the leather brim on front and back to ward off the sun that identifies them as belonging to the initial New Hampshire infantry regiments.

Vignette: Lt. Stephen C. Mills by Michael J. Winey (pp. 20-21)
After graduating from West Point in 1877, Stephen Crosby Mills was eventually given a most unique assignment. He was sent to San Francisco as part of the 12^th U.S. Infantry, but spent four years as commander of Company D, Indian Scouts. He led six-month enlisted companies of Apache, and appears to have been successful. The two photographs that accompany the article show that he did not wear regulations uniforms, as his personal gear was often lagging behind as he moved across New Mexico and Arizona territories, which led to an amusing anecdote between Lt. Mills and General William T. Sherman at a formal reception in Tuscon, Arizona in 1880.

5th Kansas Cavalry: a Photo Album by Gregory Hermon (pp. 22-24)
The photo album, which includes the image of Brig. Gen. Powell Clayton and twelve of the men of the 5th Kansas Cavalry, was a unit begun under the patronage of Senator James H. Lane, who held a commission as a general issued by the War Department. The men we not prepared to fight and spent a good deal of time raiding in Missouri, giving William C. Quantrill a reason to raid Lawrence, Kansas a few years later. Under the command of Gen. Clayton, the 5th Kansas became a well-trained and more disciplined unit, talking part in many smaller engagements rather than large-scale battles, with their worst defeat coming when a detachment of the 5th was taken as it defended a wagon train at Mark’s Mills in 1864.

Stragglers (pp. 26-29)
Recreation time for some soldiers during the Civil War is shown, with soldiers playing cards and others playing chess. A rare glimpse of the insignia of a Master Gunner in the Coast Artillery is found in a group photo postcard taken between 1904 and 1908. Two images ask for help in identification from the readership: a Yankee with a buckle with “VVB” on it from the Civil War is the first, while the second is a ninth-plate ambrotype of what could be “a Chicago fireman, a Georgia militiaman, or anything in between.” The saddlery seen in one image of a 7th Cavalry trooper identifies yet another image as being taken between 1892 and 1894. The last image in this set of “Stragglers” is of Israel W. Coombs, Company G, 1st Maine Cavalry, complete with a Smith carbine.

Passing in Review (p. 30)
Three publications are reviewed in this issue of Military Images; one is reviewed separately while two are reviewed together. The Banana Wars: an Inner History of American Empire, 1900-1934 by Lester Langley investigates the history of American military interventionism in the first half of the twentieth century; the reviewer found the parallels with contemporary current events remarkable, and thought that much could be learned from Langley’s volume. The books My Dear Parents by James Horrocks and Reminiscences of Confederate Service by Francis W. Dawson both recount the memoirs of two Englishmen who fought for the Union and the Confederacy respectively. While they had different motivations for enlisting, the volumes do show how the Civil War was perceived by outside participants.

Back Image
This 1861 image of a Scottish piper is a half-plate ambrotype image of Thomas F. Campbell, a veteran of Waterloo, and a Union soldier.

The complete issue

Vol. V, No. 3
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Cover image
The quarter-plate ambrotype on the cover of Military Images features two members of the Manchester, New Hampshire Brass Band with five-valve E-flat bass over-the-shoulder saxhorns. The image was taken in about 1855 and the instruments featured are exceptionally rare.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor recounts how he met fellow “Civil War nut” Mark Elrod, writer of the featured article on Civil War bands and musicians, during their service in Vietnam.

Passing in Review (p. 2)
The first of two reviews is of How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War by Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones. Different than many books that provide a chronology of events, this work looks more closely at the leading personalities as well as the strategies and economic foundations of the war. The second work is Stephen W. Sears’ work Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. The reviewer felt that the first five chapters were not new, but gave high praise to the remainder of the book, which looks at Antietam through the regimental and brigade levels, giving new insight into the events of that bloodiest of days.

Mail Call (p. 3)
Among the letters that praised past articles and requested information from other readers, the editor provided insight into the service of Bucktail soldier Private William Pitts. A letter also credits Military Images with bringing attention to the story of Mary Tepe and announces that the interest has led to the discovery of her grave and the decision to replace her headstone, as “the old one was worn nearly smooth.”

The Shrill of Fifes, the Beat of Drums compiled by Don Murphy (pp. 4-15)
A pictorial with 38 images provides readers of Military Images with individual and group images of military musicians and bands from the era of the Indian Wars through World War One. Three of the images are of Robert Hendershot, 8th Michigan Infantry, who was wounded during the Battle of Fredericksburg at age 13; two are Civil War era cartes de visite while the third is from later years in the National Guard. Other images of small boys who served with fife or drum or bugle are presented, along with some images of children who were far too young to serve, but dressed the part for patriotic images. Some of the notable images are of a young woman who appears to be a vivandiere with her drum, a 1908 example of how daily bugle calls were amplified, a small group of Spanish-American War musicians with their gear (one wonders how the tuba player managed his instrument with his bed roll), and a “jazz band” from World War One, complete with mandolins and guitar.

Military Bands and Bandsmen, 1861-1865 by Mark Elrod (pp. 16-29)
Beginning with a history of bands prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, the reader learns about the development of brass instruments, which were key elements to military bands of the mid-nineteenth century. Many units of the war were developed right out of small communities across the North and South, and local bands were a part of that. They would join local militia as bandsmen, and held non-combat roles which explains why so many young boys (some as young as age 10 or 11) were in uniform. These “regimental bands” were in existence between April 1861 and August 1862, and were comprised of 24 members led by a member with the “title” of colonel. In order to reduce the cost of maintaining regimental bands, the Union Army officially only supported bands at the brigade level or higher. Regiments could get around this by enlisting their band members as combatants and then having them play. The article also discusses instruments, such as the OTS (over the shoulder saxhorn) instruments. Their unique positioning of the instrument bells allowed the sound to project backwards towards the troops so they could hear the music. Although allowed as many as 24 musicians, many bands had fewer members and were almost exclusively comprised of brass and drum instruments. The eighteen images that follow show a variety of bands and band members, including two images of the valve construction common at the time. Two rare composite photographs, one of the Federal 1st Brigade Band, 3rd Division, 15th Army Corps (from Brodhead, Wisconsin) and one of the Confederate band of the 5th Virginia Infantry (from Staunton, Virginia), are also presented, showing each individual member. The article closes with a modern image of the author, wearing a Marine band uniform with an OTS E-flat bass saxhorn.

Back Image
Pvt. Daniel W. Elliott of Rhode Island poses for a carte de visite image with violin.

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Cover and Back Image
This wrap-around image that covers both front and back of the issue cover is from a New York City parade from about 1856. Two militia units are featured in the image: the Boston Light Infantry and the New York City Guard.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor provides some amusing yet sad questions that are sometimes posed to guides at National Park Service battlefields. The editor encourages the support of programs that provide public education at parks, especially battlefield preservations.

Passing in Review (p. 2-3)
Four publications are reviewed in this issue of Military Images for the benefit of the readership. First Blood: Ft. Sumter to Bull Run is volume 2 of the Time-Life series on the Civil War, with many images provided by frequent contributors to MI. Next is Journey to Pleasant Hill: The Civil War Letters of Captain Elijah P. Petty, Walkers Texas Division, C.S.A. edited by Norman D. Brown and illustrated by John Groth. Falling in April 1864 after initially enlisting in May 1861, the letters provide insight into the experiences (mostly in camp) of an officer in the 17th Texas Infantry. Joe’s War: Memoirs of a Doughboy by Joseph N. Rizzi and edited by Richard A. Baumgartner was also reviewed, and recommended with several reservations. Finally, Grant and Lee: the Virginia Campaigns 1864-1865 by William Frassanito is given a short review, marking it as a last volume in a trilogy that is “a must for students of Civil War photography.”

Mail Call (p. 3)
A variety of letters are included in this issue, such as one letter asking for help with the identification of an item found in a late grandfather’s coin collection. Another reader was glad to see an article on a Wisconsin unit, and another subscriber muses on the reason for why more “unusual” belt plates have not been located. The editor reported that there wasn’t sufficient interest in magazine binders to merit offering them, and subscribers that live overseas or at APO/FPO addresses may get first class mail service for an additional fee.

Vignette: Peter W. Ott, Veteran of Two Wars by David M. Sullivan (p. 5)
The image accompanying the article is of Peter Walter Ott before he left to fight in the Mexican War. A member of the Mounted Battalion of Louisiana Volunteers, this image is the only known published image of a member of this unit. He saw action in Mexico, arriving at Vera Cruz in August 1847, but was discharged from service due to severe dysentery in January 1848. When the Civil War came around, Ott enlisted again, enlisting in the Confederate Marine Corps in September 1863. He was aboard the C.S.S. Tennessee when it was surrendered in Mobile Bay and remained a prisoner until the end of the war, when he returned home to Biloxi, Mississippi.

Antebellum Photography, Part V: Portraits of the U.S. military before the Civil War by Michael J. Winey (pp. 6-12)
Beginning with a collection of portraits of unidentified soldiers wearing a wide variety of regular and militia uniforms, the pictorial collection of images provides a number of images of antebellum soldiers who also served with distinction in the Civil War. The author makes a point of mentioning that the images often used for Confederate generals John H. Winder and Lewis A. Armistead are actually the only known images of these men, taken during Federal service in the 1840s. Also included are “before” and “after” images of Fitzhugh Lee as a 2nd Lt. in 1856-1858 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. After his service as a cavalry general in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under his uncle, Robert E. Lee, “Fitz” Lee was again in the service of the United States Army as a Major General of Volunteers during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Federal notable officers in their antebellum uniforms include John G. Barnard, General George Cadwalader in 1851 uniform, Edwin V. “Bull” Sumner, among others.

The Custer Cyclorama: A Last-Stand-in-the-Round by Brian Pohanka (pp. 14-19)
Painted in 1888-89 and displayed by the Boston Cyclorama Company, the article describes the history behind the painting along with a recent discovery of an oil on canvas painting used as a guide to the project’s artists. Instructions for connecting the images in the magazine to produce a small version are provided, as well as close-up images of some of the sections with descriptions. The article also includes two previously unpublished carte de visite images of George Armstrong Custer from during the Civil War.

Dr. Gibbs, Stephen Crane, and J.E. Hill: Life and death in the Spanish-American War by Jerry Harlowe (pp. 20-21)
A “Straggler” image from a previous issue of Military Images inspired this article, as the author had a different view of one of the three graves by which men rested in the shade of a fly during the Spanish-American War. Intrigued by these images, the author researched the background of Acting Asst. Surgeon John B. Gibbs. What he found was that Gibbs was from a military family, and had a prestigious and prosperous career as a surgeon and teacher. He was able to get his post as a navy ensign by petitioning his personal friend, Asst. Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, and while the Americans set up their base at Guantanamo Bay, Gibbs befriended the journalist Stephen Crane. Often under the fire of Spanish snipers, one evening the camp came under attack, and Crane described his terror and how he heard the life and death struggle of a man with in yards of where he had taken cover. It was his friend, Dr. John Gibbs.

103rd Ohio Infantry: A Photo Album by William Stark (pp. 22-24)
Twelve different images comprise this pictorial of the 103rd Ohio Volunteers. The unit began service in September 1862 and was discharged in June 1865 after taking part in several major campaigns as part of the Army of the Ohio. Colonel John S. Casement, who is remembered for his work on the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad is also included. Some of the images of the soldiers are from earlier in the war, when uniforms were not as standardized as they became later on. One image shows two brothers, Thomas and Robert Allen, seated together; one wears a striped vest and cavalry boots and both appear to be carrying table knives in their belts. Corporal Ezra Brewster is shown wearing a shell jacket instead of the standard four-button sack coat worn by the others in later images.

Vignette: William Bancroft, Connecticut’s double deserter? by William Gladstone (p. 25)
This vignette on its own is interesting, but the story behind the man in the image is just at intriguing. The image is a double tintype—a tintype of a tintype—that allows the unique stenciling of the soldier’s name on his rifle sling to be read properly rather than in mirror image. It clearly says “Bancroft” and is of Connecticut soldier William C. Bancroft who mustered in with the Company G, 28th Connecticut on November 15, 1862 after having enlisted with the New Haven unit a month earlier. It was not unusual to allow new enlistees to return home for a time before reporting for muster, which might explain why a William C. Bancroft enlisted with, collected his bounty from, and then deserted Company I of the 25th Regiment in West Hartford between October 31 and November 12, 1862! Bancroft also deserted the 28th, making his service and his image quite unique: that of a bounty-jumper.

Diary of Sgt. John Fleming, 165th New York: the 2nd Duryee Zouaves in 1863 edited by Ronald Beifuss (pp. 26-27)
The unit in which Sgt. John Fleming served was formed after representatives of the Duryee Zouaves returned to New York City to bolster their losses at Second Manassas with recruits. So many showed up that the 2nd Duryee Zouaves were formed. Fleming’s short but interesting entries comprise a glimpse into the life of this soldier during 1863, who served in Louisiana as sergeant of Company A. Fleming’s image, as well as that of his friend, Sgt. George Cogswell of Company B, who died of illness in April, is included, illustrating the uniforms worn by these Zouaves.

Stragglers (pp. 29-31)
Many truly unusual images are shared in this issue of MI. A carte de visite of Lt. G. Gerrard of the 1st New York (U.S.) Marine Artillery is presented; photographs of this unit are extremely rare. A unique image of a reclining John Flehr, Company K of Reading, Pennsylvania comes with a request for more information about the soldier from the owner of the quarter-plate tintype. Another image is possibly a carte de visite of a Confederate Marine, given the hat and upturned chevrons; that the soldier is wearing a lighter colored shell jacket has given some of the MI staff pause, and requests reader input. Other rare images include a ninth-plate leathertype image of a Confederate, a post war cabinet card image of the only known Chinese Confederate (William Henry Kwan, Co. B, 12th Virginia Battalion Artillery), and a carte de visite of Chaplain William H. Hunter, 4th U.S. Colored Troops, who was only one of a dozen chaplains who served with black regiments.

The complete issue

Vol. 5, No. 1
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Cover Image
The cover image is a previously unpublished carte de visite image, taken from an ambrotype original, features Brigadier General James Longstreet from probably late 1861.

Editor’s Desk (inside front cover)
The editor introduces some of the important events of the Civil War that occurred in July and two articles that deal with them: Gettysburg and Vicksburg. He also gives some insight into future articles, and asks readers to submit images of Union and Confederate shelter halves, or “dog tents,” in use in the field.

Mail Call (p. 2)
This issue’s letters contain suggestions about content balance, some corrections, an announcement regarding a new monument being installed for the Michigan soldiers who fought at Perryville, and an alert regarding the theft of the sword and scabbard belonging to VMI founder Colonel J.T.L. Preston from the VMI Museum collection.

Passing in Review (p. 4)
Three reviews are included in this issue of Military Images. The first is of When War Passed This Way by W.P. Conrad and Ted Alexander, which provides readers with a case study of the occasionally humorous and sometimes frightening experiences of the Civil War in Greencastle, Pennsylvania. The second publication is Photography: The Early Years by George Gilbert, which not only provides information about dating certain types of images, but also how to make 19^th century-type images. The feature concludes with Brother Against Brother: The War Begins, which is volume I of the Time-Life Series on the Civil War. Some contributors to Military Images also have contributed to this publication, which will include between 24 and 26 different volumes. The one under review looks at the 1850s with focus on several important factors that contributed to the conflict.

The Fight for Devil’s Den by Robert A. Braun (pp. 5-12)
The author recounts the story of the 124th Regiment of New York State Volunteer Infantry from Orange County during their fighting on the second day of the Gettysburg fighting. After reorganizing due to losses at Chambersburg, the unit led by Col. Augustus Van Horne Ellis, who had called out his men in that fight with “Hie! Hie! My Orange Blossoms!” the men began to wear orange ribbons on their uniforms and were proud of their nickname as they moved north into Pennsylvania. Complete with a map showing the placement and eventual movement of the units fighting on both sides around Devil’s Den, the author describes the conflict as the 124th walked through a perfect field of wheat to take their place in battle line. The 124^th lost all of their field officers, and four company grade officers, with one in three of the men either wounded or killed. A sidebar describes the life story of Col. Ellis, and an epilogue describes how he and another officer were returned to their families as well as a commentary on the lack of historical investigation on the fight at Devil’s Den and its true impact on the outcome of Gettysburg.

The Death of “French Mary” by Marie Varrelman Melchiori (pp. 14-15)
Past issues of Military Images have featured the story of “French Mary” Tepe, and brought up several questions about the life of this vivandiere from the 114^th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment. The author of the current article has provided answers to some of these, including wartime information regarding her two husbands and the fact that she was in the company of her second husband at the time of her death. The author has included an article from a 1901 Pennsylvania newspaper recounting some of these stories as it announced her death by suicide and a photograph of Mrs. Mary Leonard at a regimental reunion in 1893.

The Hanging of William Johnson by William Frassanito (pp. 16-18)
In an excerpt from his upcoming volume Grant and Lee: the Virginia Campaigns, 1864-1865, the author describes the June 20, 1864 hanging of a black Union soldier for the rape of a white woman; the hanging was done in full view of the Confederates, who shelled the location beforehand. The photographs in the article are interesting in that they were made by rival photographic teams (Gardner and Brady), there was some research confusion about the identity of the hanged man, and the background of the images provides good evidence as to where the actual hanging took place.

Quentin Roosevelt’s Last Flight: A Vignette from the First World War by Charles Worman (pp. 20-22)
The brief military career of one of Theodore Roosevelt’s sons is outlined in this article. Serving as a pursuit pilot 95^th Aero Squadron at Orly from June 17, 1918, Quentin Roosevelt had one verified victory over a German aircraft before being shot down on July 14, 1918. The Germans were able to verify his identity at the site, and produced postcards with Roosevelt’s body in view for propaganda value. They did, however, provide the son of the former president with a burial with full military honors, a hand-made wooden cross to mark his burial spot, and a three-man guard of honor that remained in place until the Americans retook the site in early August. The article then recounts the history of various crosses and memorials to mark Quentin Roosevelt’s burial site until his reburial next to his brother Theodore, Jr., who died in France shortly after the Normandy Invasion in 1944. The original German cross was eventually given to the U.S. Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio, for exhibition.

Uniforms: M1872 Foot Artillery Shako by Robert Borrell, Sr. (p. 23)
This short pictorial article features two images with the rarely photographed 1872 full-dress artillery shako. One is a family portrait with two regular soldiers, and presumably their mother, with both of the soldiers wearing their shako for the image. The other is an unknown militiaman holding the shako and a cavalry saber, suggesting that both might be photographer props. However, a close-up of the shako from this image gives a clear view of the shako.

The Siege of Vicksburg by John W. Paul, 23rd Wisconsin (pp. 24-25)
Edited by Dorothy Murphy, this excerpt of Paul’s unpublished memoirs describes his recollections from the burial of the dead after Champion’s Hill and marching to the forts at Vicksburg on May 20, 1863, to watching General Grant ride into Vicksburg with a cigar in his mouth on July 4, 1863. The account gives the reader a glimpse into what it was like to be involved in this campaign by describing not being allowed fires to cook on one occasion and what Paul did when his rifle took a bullet during battle. There are several personal stories included that can only be recounted by someone who was there.

Weapons: Billinghurst-Requa Gun at Fort Wagner, South Carolina by Ken Baumann (p. 26)
Based on an accompanying photograph showing the men of the 39th Illinois Infantry with the earliest known image of a machine gun, the article explains how the Billinghurst-Requa gun was developed and how it worked. The image includes a view of the 25-cartridge clip used by the gun being taken out of a limber chest in preparation for firing the gun. The Requa gun was given positive comments by Major T. B. Brooks writing during the siege of Charleston and also by the eventual regimental history of the 39th which described its use and battlefield impact.

Stragglers (pp. 27-30)
Some rare insignia are shown in this issue, with Frederick J. Kenyon in a photograph wearing the first U.S. enlisted air service insignia for enlisted men worn during World War One. Another image is of a bawdy and rare shoulder belt plate found at the location of a Confederate camp in Georgia. Other images include some American forces “somewhere in France” during World War One playing dice, a quarter-plate tintype of Company I, 18th New York Infantry informally posing during the Civil War, and a quarter-plate daguerreotype of an unidentified corporal from Company C, 71st New York State Militia taken before 1857.

Back Image
An unpublished carte de visite of General John Bell Hood with a pair of crutches takes its place on the back cover of the issue.