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Vol. 1, No. 6
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Cover Image
A half-plate tintype of Pvt. William H. Harding of Ohio’s 5th Volunteer Cavalry shows the cavalry trooper astride his mount, fully equipped. The image was taken by John Winders in November 1862.

Editor’s Page (inside front cover)
The editor of Military Images assesses the first year of publication. The cost of publication and its impact on limiting the length of the magazine are addressed, as are more positive aspects of the first volume.

Mail Call (pp. 2-3)
Letters from readers include ideas for future issues and several questions or corrections about identifications of soldiers, uniforms, or equipment from recent articles.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
Two publications are given review in this issue. The first is Four Brothers in Blue by Robert Goldthwaite Carter, a republication that features the Civil War era letters set within a chronological narrative by the author. Second is New England’s Civil War Veterans by Jay S. Hoar, who provides a wealth of information regarding the identities of the last survivors of the war from New England.

Junius Peak: Texas Confederate by Robert W. Stephens (pp. 4-5)
Complete with an image of the subject, the article describes the military and law enforcement accomplishments of Junius “June” Peak of Texas. He was a runaway to the Civil War, eventually becoming a Confederate cavalryman. After the war, he returned to Texas and became a deputy sheriff, city marshall for Dallas, a member of the Texas Rangers taking on both outlaws and “marauding Indians” in West Texas.

9 July 1864: The 14^th New Jersey Infantry at the Battle of the Monocacy by Joseph Bilby (pp. 6-15)
This article is the second part of a series on two New Jersey regiments that saw extensive action in the Civil War. The author describes the details of the Battle of the Monocacy which took place in Maryland between the Confederate forces of Lieutenant General Jubal Early and the Federal forces of Major General Lew Wallace outside of Frederick, Maryland. A collection of ten different images of soldiers from the 14th New Jersey Infantry accompany the article. While the Battle of the Monocacy was a Confederate victory, it delayed the Confederate troops so they were unable to advance into Washington, D.C. as planned. The author also provides an “Epilogue” where he tells the post-war stories of several men who had impact in the battle.

Naval Uniforms of the Civil War, Part IV: Enlisted men of the U.S. Navy by John Stacey (pp. 16-21)
Accompanied by 11 images from the era, including one carte de visite of a very little boy who might be a powder monkey, this article discusses the uniform regulations that were in effect before, during, and after the Civil War. The author describes several examples of how naval servicemen of various enlisted ranks were able to personalize their uniforms and explains how difficult it was for them to standardize their uniforms during the war. The article also includes a picture of stamped embroidery insignia patterns that would have been finished with embroidery by the individual sailors, as well as three finished examples, showing the degree of skill many of these sailors possessed.

“In Camp and Field”: Civil War Outdoor Views from the Collection of Robert J. McDonald (pp. 22-28)
The pictorial article includes several different types of outdoor images. Many of the items include encampments, formal and informal groups, individual soldiers, soldiers on their mounts, and others. The images give the reader a better glimpse of the daily life of a Civil War soldier by providing an outdoor context.

Stragglers (pp. 29-31)
The regular MI feature includes a wide variety of images, from a 1850-era daguerreotype of two California caballeros with rare arms to a photograph of a barbershop set-up with the Light Battery M, 7th Artillery taken in Puerto Rico in 1899 after the Spanish-American War. One of the more unusual images is a carte de visite of what is possibly a French Caribbean constabulary submitted by a reader from France. Also included is an albumen image of the U.S.S. Little Rebel with a brief history of how this Confederate gunship became part of the Federal naval arsenal.

Back Cover
Two images grace the back of the issue. The image on the left was discovered in the effects of a deceased relative and may have some connection to the Wray family of Brunswick County, Virginia. The larger image on the right is a carte de visite image of Private Washington Watson, who was 61 upon his enlistment with the 148th Pennsylvania although he stated that he was 43 years of age. A skilled lumberjack, he was discharged with a disability designation of “old age” from the Pioneer Detachment of the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac in 1865.

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Vol. 1, No. 5
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Cover Image
Indian scout Al-Che-Say, chief of the White Mountain Apache tribe, is one of several Native Americans featured in this 1890 photograph. He served as one of the most famous of the U.S. Army Indian Scouts.

Editor’s Page (inside front cover)
The editor responds to a critical letter, and outlines the purpose of Military Images, a magazine written by its readership. Rather than being a publication dedicated to the images of the Civil War, he notes the other topics covered in past issues, and requests a variety of articles from the readers.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Further investigation shows that the identity of the “Mystery Zouave” discussed in the previous issue is still a mystery, and the clarification between the American private and the Imperial Russian NCO in the Boxer Rebellion cabinet photographs from the previous issue is made. A correction is also made regarding the type of firearm identified in an image as well.

“Jack” of the 102d P.V. (p. 3)
Beginning as a scrappy firehouse mascot, a bull dog named “Jack” followed when most of the members of the Niagara Fire Company enlisted in the 102nd Pennsylvania Infantry in August 1861. The excerpted article tells the story of “Jack” and his service, accompanied by two cartes de visite of the loyal mascot dog.

Otto Scheu, R.A.: Adventures in the Regular Army at the turn of the century by Joseph Bilby (pp. 4-10)
A German immigrant arriving in the U.S. in 1887, Otto Scheu was one of the many soldiers of the Regular Army, serving in various infantry and then engineering units until his retirement 1912. The article, with images, outlines several different timeframes in Scheu’s service, from the frontier army to fighting in the siege of Santiago in the Spanish-American War to the fighting against Aguinaldo in the Philippines. The unique aspects of Scheu’s military career were the fact that his image was featured in a photograph taken of wounded soldiers in Cuba published in Collier’s Magazine in July 1898, and that his experiences as a prisoner-of-war in the Philippines (including being saved by Aguinaldo himself) were featured in the New York Journal Advertiser in December 1899.

The 20th N.Y. State Militia: A regimental history of “The Ulster Guard” by Seward R. Osborne, Jr. (pp. 11-13)
Beginning with a short history of the unit prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, the article traces the history of the “Ulster Guard” from its initial three-month service in 1861 to its first action at the Second Manassas to defending against Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg to raising its national colors over Petersburg. The article includes three cartes de visite of the unit’s Civil War commanders, as well as a group image of the officers of the 20th N.Y.S.M. in September 1863. A poignant image of Hugh Donohue and Reuben Van Leuven from Company D shows the two friends and neighbors sitting together; the former was wounded at Second Manassas, while the latter was killed at Gettysburg.

“Mustering In”: An ambrotype in the collection of William Gladstone (pp. 14-16)
This pictorial features a half-plate ambrotype of what appears to be a mustering ceremony taken in the backyard area of a city or town. Turning the focus onto different parts of the photograph, the reader gets a deeper sense of the activity that the ambrotype captured. Surrounding a water pump and trough, the fife and drummer boy appear to be playing while a man nearby speaks, holding out his hat for emphasis. A woman on the balcony of a neighboring house watches the activity, providing us a glimpse into a part of her house, while an important looking man on a chair in the yard holds onto a dog. The ambrotype allows MI readers a glimpse into an unusual event taking place in an everyday setting.

Passing in Review (p. 17)
Two different publications are reviewed in this issue. The first review covers both volumes I and II of World War One Collectors Handbook, by Dennis Gordon, Hayes Otoupalik, and Paul J. Schulz, which is a very helpful guide for those interested in collecting or the history of World War I artifacts and memoribilia. The second review is of A Pictorial History of the Battle of Gettysburg which is unauthored and appears to be geared towards the tourist rather than the scholar.

Naval Uniforms of the Civil War, Part III: Confederate Images from the collection of John Bracken (pp. 18-21)
The Director of the Virginia Confederate Museum shared 17 carte de visite images of Confederate naval officers. With all but one subject identified, the collection ranges from Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes to several captains of blockade runners. Brief background information on each subject’s naval service is provided and unique aspects of their uniforms are indicated.

Indian Scouts of the U.S. Army by Jacques Noel Jacobsen, Jr. (pp. 22-24)
Accompanied by images of different Indian Scout units, the article discusses the history of the Indian Scout in the service of the U.S. Army, delineating between before and after 1866, when scouts were enlisted into the Army as were other members of the Regular Army. The article discusses in brief some of the more notable actions of the Scouts, including the Crow scouts working with Custer, the last campaign against Geronimo, the scouts with Pershing chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and the Navajo in the Pacific during World War II.

Stragglers (pp. 25-27)
Three trios of images submitted by readers are featured. The three examples of rare weapons includes a carte de visite of Capt. John McDonald Laughlin of the 104^th Pennsylvania holding a model of a siege gun in his lap, possibly after the siege of Charleston in which his unit participated. The second trio highlights a group of cavalrymen, including a Canadian volunteer cavalry soldier from about 1866. The third trio is of “Three Rebs” including one serious Georgian wielding an 18” Bowie knife in the sixth-plate ambrotype.

Back Cover
The image is a sixth-plate ambrotype of Illinois infantryman Private George W. Walker from Company H of the 13th Illinois Volunteer Infantry.

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Vol. 1, No. 4
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Cover Image
This issue of Military Images features a confident Trooper Charles E. M. Gilmore of the 4th U. S. Cavalry in a cabinet photograph taken in approximately 1905.

Editor’s Page (inside front cover)
The editor responds to frequent observations made by readers regarding what appears to be “backwards” images published in prior issues. Due to the processing technology of the time, these “hard” images were very similar to a mirror image, as there was no use of a negative image that was familiar in later eras. While some subjects would reverse their cartridge boxes or sabers for the purpose of an image, the ambrotype, daguerreotype, or tintype would still have certain uniform features shown in reverse, such as buttons, belts, or insignia.

Mail Call (p. 2)
A reader appears to have identified the Zouave featured on the cover of the second issue of Military Images as Cpl. John A. Anderson of the 155th Pennsylvania Zouaves.

Patriotic Picture Frames of the Great War by Dale Biever (pp. 3-5)
The article features several examples of how images were displayed during the First World War. In a collection of nine images, the author provided a wide variety of both manufactured and homemade frames. Many of the manufactured frames could be easily changed to represent a particular branch of the service, and foreshadowed symbols more associated with the Second World War. Some of the handcrafted frames include a small life preserver and a frame made from the tip of an aircraft propeller.

Lt. Wilson’s Scrapbook by Dennis Gordon (pp. 6-11)
This article comes from a forthcoming book by the author, and uses the images taken by Lt. John E. Wilson, chaplain to the 167th and 168th Transportation Companies. Both companies saw service at the end of the First World War, which involved fighting in the Russian Civil War with the White Army and other Allied nations against the Bolshevik Red Army on the North Russian Front. Almost 800 men were assigned to these units and were responsible for maintaining and operating railroad lines in the area outside of Murmansk from April to July 1919. The photographs taken by Lt. Wilson document some of this little-known episode in American military history.

The Search for Private Beetem (pp. 12-13)
The article outlines the search for the identity of one soldier whose image was found in two different items up for sale at a flea market in Pennsylvania in 1979. By connecting a clue from each image, the carte de visite and the 4×5” albumen photograph were able to bring to life for MI readers the story of Private John W. Beetem, who served in Company L of the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry from August 1862 to July 1865.

Bob Kelchner’s 7th Cavalry Album (pp. 14-20)
This article focuses on thirteen portraits taken from a photograph album that contained images from Troop E of the U.S. 7th Cavalry dating from 1895 to 1912. While most of the subjects are unnamed, the album allows a very interesting view of the uniforms worn by the troops during that time, which included service in the Spanish-American War and the occupation of Cuba. The article poses many possibilities for why the men wear a mix of old and new uniform components. Some of the troopers also wore uniforms that were not regulation, such as the trooper wearing a knit turtleneck sweater underneath his uniform or the soldier who modified the collar of his regulation fatigue coat to that of his own liking.

Passing in Review (p. 21)
The article reviews the newly revised A Photographic Supplement of Confederate Swords with Addendum by William. A. Albaugh, III.

Naval Uniforms of the Civil War, Part II: U.S. Naval Engineers by John Stacey (pp. 22-24)
The author of this article, the second in a series highlighting the uniforms of the Federal navy, focuses on changes in uniform regulations as shown by four cartes de visite highlighted in the article. The author also provides a great deal of information on the background of the uniform regulations for naval engineers prior to the Civil War.

Stragglers (pp. 25-27)
There is a wide variety of images in this issue, some of which have a few surprises involved. One carte de visite image appeared to be a British sailor but with some research, turned out to be probably from a theatrical production. Another fascinating image submitted by a reader was a cabinet photograph taken in Tientsin, China, during the Boxer Rebellion, depicting an American private and an Imperial Russian NCO sitting in a painted prop automobile. Even more fascinating was the fact that another image of the two was submitted by a different contributor, with the same two soldiers wearing switched uniforms.

Back Image
The image shows a soldier most likely from a Pennsylvania Zouave regiment, but wearing a wonderful striped turban with tassel, holding an unusual firearm.

The complete issue

Vol. XII, No. 2
(32 pages)

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Cover image
A quarter-plate ambrotype from the Martin Callahan Collection is a Confederate soldier with a flintlock to percussion conversion musket and a Louisiana belt plate.

Editor’s Desk (p. 1)
The editor urges readers to attend the upcoming living history and Civil War battle reenactments at Cedar Creek Battlefield. Profits will support efforts by the Cedar Creek Foundation to save battlefield land from development.

Mail Call (p. 3)
The letters to the editor include kudos for the North Carolina issue (November-December 1989), corrections from a descendant of a South Carolina soldier pictured in the May-June issue and concern from one reader about modern reproductions.

Passing in Review (p. 5)
Five publications are mentioned: Directory of Civil War Photographers, Volume One: Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D., Northern Virginia West Virginia (Historic Graphics) by Ross J. Kelbaugh, Hiram Berdan: Civil War Chief of Sharpshooters, Military Commander and Firearms Inventor (Northwood Heritage Press) by Roy Marcot, Cahaba Prison and the Sultana Disaster (The University of Alabama Press) by William O. Bryant, Abandoned by Lincoln (University of Illinois Press) by Wallace J. Schultz and Walter N. Trenerry and War & Conflict: Selected Images from the National Archives, 1765-1970 (National Archives) edited by Jonathan Heller.

First Blood: A Jersey Brigade at Williamsburg by Joseph Bilby (pp. 7-11)
The 2^nd New Jersey Brigade was one of three full brigades raised and equipped by the Garden State during the Civil War. It originally included the 5^th, 6^th, 7^th and 8^th infantries. Over time, troops from other states were added. Together, the brigade fought in most of the horrific battles with the Army of the Potomac. An account of its actions at the Battle of Williamsburg during the Peninsula Campaign is included here, illustrated with portraits of Brig. Gen. Francis Patterson, Col. Samuel Starr of the 5^th, Lt. Col. Ezra Carman of the 7^th, 2^nd Lt. John Fritschy Jr of the 7^th, Capt. James Brown of the 7^th and 1^st Lt. Dekyn Lalor of the 5^th.

The Burial of Trooper McCoy: A 7^th Cavalry Funeral by George Rummel (pp. 12-15)
Private Charles McCoy, a young trooper of promise assigned to Troop E of the 7^th U.S. Cavalry, died in a freak wagon accident in 1903. The story of his military service is illustrated with six portraits including one of McCoy and his horse, images from his funeral and his gravesite at Chattanooga National Cemetery.

“A Brave Officer:” The Letters of Richard Saffell, 26^th Tennessee. C.S.A. by Mike Miner (pp. 16-18)
A portrait of Col. Richard Meredith Saffell (1835-1865) is the centerpiece of this story of his life and death at the Battle of Bentonville through his wartime letters. Other illustrations include the uniform coat at vest worn by Saffell at Bentonville, his sword and a hard-plate photograph of his brother, Sam, who served in the 63^rd Tennessee Infantry and was killed at Petersburg.

Uncommon Soldiers: An album of faces from the Civil War (pp. 19-23)
Profiles and portarits of seven Confederate and Union soldiers include Pvt. Major Hezekiah Allen of the 13^th Alabama Infantry, 2^nd Lt. Robert Emmett Hitchcock of the U.S. Marine Corps, Sgt. Romaine Hart of the 108^th New York Infantry and 22^nd New York Cavalry, 1^st Lt. Charlie E. Crow of Purcell’s Virginia Battery, Sgt. William Maxey of the 1^st Illinois Cavalry and the 80^th Illinois Infantry, and Pvt. George Lane of the 1^st New Hampshire Infantry, 2^nd U.S. Sharpshooters, 1^st New Hampshire Light Battery and the 1^st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery.

The Shippy Brothers: A New York Family at War by Mark Dunkelman (pp. 24-27)
The five Shippy boys of New York served with distinction during the Civil War. Two survived without injury: Eugene of the 85^th Infantry, Aaron of the 13^th Heavy Artillery. One brother, Leroy of the 64^th Infantry, suffered wounds in the battles of Fair Oaks and Gettysburg. Another brother, Stanley of the 14^th Heavy Artillery, was captured at Fort Stedman during the Petersburg Campaign. One brother paid the highest price: Augustus of the 154^th New York Infantry was killed in action at Dug Gap, Ga. This is their story.

Uniforms & History by Michael J. McAfee (p. 29)
In “The Anderson Troop,” McAfee details the organization and distinctive uniform of this Pennsylvania cavalry unit. The story is illustrated with a carte de visite of Pvt. Louis Fagan and an unknown member of the Troop.

Stragglers (pp. 30-31)
Five images are included in this installment, including a group of three messmates, an antebellum daguerreotype, Union troops massed in a street, a sergeant wielding a broom and an outdoor scene with a bit of toilet humor.

Sutlers’ Row (p. 32)

Back cover
A circa 1855 daguerreotype from the Herb Peck Jr. Collection pictures a second lieutenant of the 10^th U.S. Infantry.

The complete issue

Vol. 2, No. 1
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Cover Image
Wearing the symbol of his regiment on his hat, Col. Langhorne Wister of the 150th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry graces the cover of this issue of Military Images. Wister’s regiment was also known as the third Bucktail regiment, as each member wore a buck’s tail as a symbol of their shooting ability.

Editor’s Page (inside front cover)
The editor suggests that readers contact their Senators and Congressmen in order to pass House Bill 5048, which would preserve an additional 1,700 acres for the Bull Run battlefield in Manassas, Virginia. This would add the acreage to that already held by the National Park Service and protect the battlefield area from commercialization.

Mail Call (p. 2)
Letters include one request to reprint the article on “Jack of the 102d P.V.” as well as one subscriber who requested better quality paper for use with the reproduction of images. The editor explained that quality is a concern, but older images are selected for their content value (e.g. to show uniform detail), not their inherent quality. There were also corrections made regarding names and other identifications in the previous issue.

Passing in Review (p. 3)
Two different publications were reviewed in this issue of MI. The first was The Orphan Brigade: The Kentucky Confederates Who Couldn’t Go Home by William C. Davis. The book used several memoirs, diaries, letters, and unit papers from the 9^th Kentucky Infantry, C.S.A. to write about the wartime and post-war experiences of the members of this unique unit. The second publication was Der Angriff by Rick Baumgartner. Translated as The Attack, the short English-language magazine focuses on the German soldier who fought in World War I, and includes photographs, biographies, interviews and other insightful features.

John Taylor Wood by Charles S. Schwartz (pp. 4-5)
The author of the article describes the subject of a pre-Civil War naval officer from a quarter-plate daguerreotype he had purchased. Thinking that the subject was anonymous, he was surprised to see that “John Taylor Wood/Merrimac” was written on the back. The article discusses the unique career of this eventual Confederate naval commander, who was the nephew of Jefferson Davis. Initially educated at what became the U.S. Naval Academy, Wood served for 14 years before “being stricken from the rolls of the Navy” after attempting to resign. He commanded the aft pivot gun on the reconstructed C.S.S. Virginia, which had been the scuttled U.S.S. Merrimac, and fired shots into the Federal ships Congress and Cumberland. The article mentions other remarkable actions in which Wood was involved, such as organizing the hit-and-run commando tactics of his “cutting out” expeditions on the Chesapeake and Potomac, and serving as Jefferson Davis’ liaison officer between the Confederate navy and army while simultaneously holding the rank of commander and colonel. He was with Davis when he was captured in Georgia in May 1865 and was able to escape to Cuba. Wood eventually settled in Halifax, Canada, and was a frequent author, submitting articles that outlined his many adventures to many prestigious periodicals of the day.

The Grove Boys in the Great War by David Valuska (pp. 6-9)
Three brothers from South Dakota, featured in a variety of images, each had a very different experience in the Great War, with two of the brothers having served prior to U.S. entry into the conflict. The eldest, Carl Grove, had joined the army in 1910, and because he was a trained farrier, he was initially assigned to handle horses, and eventually was trained to join the cavalry and served for a while in the Philippines. By the time World War I broke out, Carl had become a wagoner (munitions carrier) and was sent to France as part of the “Big Red One” – the First Division. When his wagon was hit by German artillery, Carl severely wounded and was brought back to health by a French family, but did not recover mentally, spending the rest of his life in V.A. hospitals until his passing in 1979. The middle brother, Albert, joined the navy in 1911, serving on many different types of vessels, including the experimental submarine fleet in 1915 and taking part in the only “clean sweep” cruise from California to Hawaii. He also witnessed the international naval night salute to the new Japanese emperor, Yoshihito, in 1912, an incursion into Nicaragua later that same year, and then serving on escort missions on the cruiser St. Louis until honorably discharged in 1919. The youngest brother, Starkey, quit high school in 1917 and joined the 1st South Dakota Cavalry, a National Guard unit that was eventually trained as an infantry unit. He was a messenger during the Meuse-Argonne offensive and was part of the U.S. occupation forces serving in Koblenz, Germany. Receiving his commission in the ROTC unit at the University of Nebraska, Lt. Col. Starkey Groves was a member of Douglas MacArthur’s staff, returning with his general to the Philippines, where his older brother had once served almost a half-century earlier.

The Soldiers of Summer by John L. Marsh (pp. 10-15)
The article follows the National Guard career of Fred Windsor, who enlisted in Company I of the 16th Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard, in October 1885. Like many men of his era, “Private Fred” had grown up in the shadow of the Civil War, and dreamed of attaining the glory experienced by those veterans. The first part of the article describes how the unit trained in Warren, Pennsylvania, including Windsor’s eventual election as 1^st lieutenant in 1887 and captain in 1890. Under his leadership, his unit was determined by inspection to be the most proficient in 1893. For this era, the annual encampments were the height of the Guard experience, shown in two photographs from the 1886 event. The National Guard, including Company I, was deployed to deal with the Homestead Strike of 1892. Despite initial confusion, the Guardsmen were frequently disappointed, as they were never called to act in the capacity for which they had trained. Mostly they performed drill and guard duty, as shown in the accompanying two photographs. There was one instance in which “Captain Fred” felt called upon to have his men target train thought to be firing upon a small steamer being used by the Guard on the Monongahela; a following investigation showed that no shooting had come from the train. Company I returned home a few weeks afterward. A series of five photographs documents the journey of Company I when called to serve in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War in April, 1898. “Major Fred” and the men of Company I, led by Col. Willis J. Hulings who commanded the 16th, among other adventures, took part in the capture of some Spanish forces at Cuamo. Upon their return to Pennsylvania in October, 1898, Fred Windsor now held the rank of lieutenant colonel, and the soldiers of Company I received the accolades befitting veterans of war at last.

“Bucktails Forward!” by Lawrence G. Bixley (pp. 16-23)
Accompanied by 16 individual and four group images, the article recounts the Civil War histories of the initial 13th Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves in 1861 and the later recruitment of the “Bucktail Brigade” made up of the 149th and 150th regiments of Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1862. Known for their red battle shirts and the bucktail worn on each man’s hat, the 13th was involved in a series of important fights, including the killing of Turner Ashby, Mechanicsburg and Gaines Mill, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and a failed skirmish against John Mosby’s partisans. At the time Lee’s forces moved toward Pennsylvania, the 149th and 150th were formed and ordered to the defense of Washington, D.C. A rift between the original bucktails and these new units was formed, with the 149th and 150th taking part in fighting on the first day of battle at Gettysburg and the 13th taking part on the second.

Naval Uniforms of the Civil War, Part V: The U.S. Revenue-Marine by Philip Katcher (pp. 24-27)
The U.S. Revenue-Marine was the precursor to the United States Coast Guard, a service that was for the most part in a neglectful state at the outbreak of the Civil War. The exception to this was the Harriet Lane, first launched in 1858 and one of the few stationed in Southern ports that remained loyal to the North. The Aiken, for example, was purposefully beached by her captain right before the firing upon Ft. Sumter, allowing Confederate forces to capture her, while others surrendered. Many other Revenue-Marine vessels were handed over to the Navy and crews were reassigned, mostly to perform blockade duty. The Revenue-Marine had to be recreated, and thus began a tug-of-war between the Navy and Treasury. The article discusses the capture of the Harriet Lane in December, 1862, and then begins a description of the Revenue-Marine uniforms, which were a great deal like those of the Navy. Uniform items that differentiate them from the Navy include buttons that bore the Treasury Department seal, the use of the Treasury Department shield above the gold sleeve stripes on the coat arms, and distinguishing badges worn on both hat and epaulettes, to name but a few outlined in the article. Changes in uniform regulations happened in 1862, partly due to expansion of the service in general due to the war and due to the use of steam powered shipping in specific.

Stragglers (pp. 28-31)
A number of different images are included, included three that have some mystery to go along with them. Another shows Federal troops playing cards and sharing a bottle, using a barrel for a table, two images provide a look at Pennsylvania naval reservists, while three feature Civil War era soldiers with their canine companions.

Back Cover
The final image shows a North Carolina captain wearing his captain’s bars sewn right onto his unique homemade shirt. Fashioned with two plackets that are gathered on both sides on either side of the button placket, the plaid homespun shirt also sports a cross hanging from the attached watch chain.